Working Groups: Volunteer Center

Snapshot Day Stream Monitoring
Snapshot Day is an annual one-day event sponsored by the Tahoe-Truckee Clean Water Team and the Lake Tahoe Environmental Education Coalition. It is designed get community volunteers involved in monitoring the water moving through the Lake Tahoe and Truckee River watersheds. Water samples are taken at the same time at various sites throughout the watershed in order to develop a picture of water quality and watershed health at a single point in time. The volunteer monitoring teams field-test streams for dissolved oxygen, conductivity, pH and temperature. They also conduct a visual assessment, collect field data, grab samples and take photos. Water samples are taken back to central meeting locations and distributed to labs to be measured for sediment particle size, turbidity, nutrients and fecal coliform bacteria. Sponsoring agencies provide all the sampling and monitoring equipment.

Each Snapshot Day has a focus. The focus for this year’s third annual Snapshot Day was for Lake Tahoe volunteers to gather sediment samples from the mouths of all 63 tributaries into Lake Tahoe. These sediment samples will help provide data for Lake Tahoe’s Total Maximum Daily Load study that is being conducted by the Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board (LRWQCB). Snapshot Day is also intended to provide baseline data that could be used in upcoming project identification, Environmental Improvement Project program monitoring and to create a large-scale collaborative effort to prevent further degradation of water quality.

There are two levels of volunteers for Snapshot Day, team leaders and team members. Team leaders must be trained in water quality sampling. Team members do not need training. On SnapShot Day, volunteers will meet at centralized locations to pick up sampling supplies. Refreshments will be provided.

For more information or to get involved, contact:
· Lake Tahoe: Heather Segale, Lake Tahoe Environmental Education Coalition, (775) 832-4138
· Truckee: Beth Cristman, Truckee River Watershed Council, (530) 550-8760
· Reno: Mary Kay Riedl, NDEP, (775) 687-9454

Snapshot Day 2003 Results
Snapshot Day 2003 was the third annual citizen volunteer stream monitoring event for the Lake Tahoe and Truckee River watershed. On May 10, 2003, more than 250 volunteers collected water quality data at 125 distinct monitoring sites. A copy of the 2003 Snapshot Day Final Report is available at the LTEEC office. Contact Heather Segale, (775) 832-4138, or view the PDF files: 2003 Snapshot Day Final Report and 2003 Snapshot Day Data.

Snapshot Day 2002 Results
The second annual Snapshot Day was held on May 4, 2002, with more than 300 volunteers gathering important visual and habitat data along with water samples from 113 locations. A copy of the 2002 Snapshot Day Final Report is available at the LTEEC office or view the PDF files: 2002 Snapshot Day Final Report and 2002 Snapshot Day Data.

Snapshot Day 2001 Results
The first annual Snapshot Day event in the Tahoe-Truckee watershed was held on June 2, 2001. More than 100 committed citizen-volunteers, working closely with many water quality management agencies, participated in gathering water quality data at 44 locations. A copy of the 2001 Snapshot Day Final Report is available at the LTEEC office, or view the PDF files: 2001 Snapshot Day Final Report and 2001 Snapshot Day Data.

last modified: December 24 2003

Citizen Monitoring
Across the country, private citizens are learning about water quality issues and helping protect our Nation's water resources by becoming volunteer monitors. Volunteers are analyzing water samples for dissolved oxygen, nutrients, pH, temperature, and a host of other water constituents; evaluating the health of stream habitats and aquatic biological communities; inventorying stream-side conditions and land uses that may affect water quality; cataloging and collecting beach debris, and restoring degraded habitats. State and local agencies may use volunteer data to screen for water quality problems, establish trends in waters that would otherwise be unmonitored, and make planning decisions. Volunteers benefit from learning more about their local water resources, identifying what conditions or activities might be contributing to pollution problems, and working with clubs, environmental groups, and state or local governments to address problem areas.

last modified: December 24 2003

Lake Tahoe is Losing Water Clarity
Lake Tahoe waters have been losing transparency at an average of about one foot each year since the late 1960s.

Lake Tahoe’s exceptional clarity is a result of the absence of suspended sediment and free-floating, single-celled algae in the water. Given undisturbed conditions, the lake’s water quality would change so slowly the changes would be undetectable over a human lifetime. Human settlements and logging activities that began in the late 1880s have contributed to the rapidly declining clarity. Lake Tahoe’s clarity has decreased by more than 33 percent since the 1960s and is steadily declining at the rate of one foot a year. Scientists say that the rate of water quality deterioration at Lake Tahoe has been steady for so long it may become irreversible in 10 years.

Lake Tahoe’s water quality problems are not caused by industry or by wastewater treatment plants. The causes of water pollution are the daily activities of the thousands of residents and visitors in the Lake Tahoe watershed. We all need to learn to reduce our impact on the environment—impacts like erosion, over-fertilization, spills, leaks, and disturbances of soils and stream environment zones.

last modified: December 27 2005

Fish Species of the Lake Tahoe Basin
Lake Tahoe Report #151
January 9, 2006
By John Cobourn and Heather Segale

In terms of lakes, Tahoe is a relatively harsh environment for fish. It was cutoff from other bodies of water many thousands of years ago, so as it evolved, only seven species of fish evolved in it. However, since the introduction of humans and human intervention at Lake Tahoe, that number has changed.

According to Brant Allen, fisheries biologist with the UC Davis Tahoe Environmental Research Center, “The original native game fish was the Lahontan cutthroat trout, which is no longer in the lake. But, there are still six native species of fish swimming in Tahoe.” The Lahontan cutthroat trout, named for the distinctive red streak under its chin, once topped Lake Tahoe’s food chain and weighed as much as 40 pounds. This fish thrived in the Tahoe Basin and migrated the length of the Truckee River between Tahoe and Pyramid Lake.

The native fish that still survive in Lake Tahoe include:

· The mountain whitefish (Prosopium willaimsoni) is Lake Tahoe’s only native game fish. It lives near the bottom to a depth of about 100 feet.

· The Lahontan redside shiner (Richardsonius egregious) is a native minnow that is abundant in the shallow shorezone and can usually be seen in large numbers around marinas and rock crib piers. It grows to 3 to 4 inches long.

· The Lahontan speckled dace (Rhinichthys osculus) is another native minnow that grows to about 2 to 3 inches long. It is difficult to find, as it seeks the cover of rocky substrate on the bottom of the lake.

· The tui chub (Gila bicolor) is a bottom-oriented chub that feeds on zooplankton or sediments on the bottom of the lake.

· The Tahoe sucker (Catostomus tahoensis) is a bottom feeder that grows to about 16 inches long.

· The Paiute sculpin (Cottus beldingi) grows to about 3 inches long. It lives under rocks and is rarely observed in less than 10 feet of water.

The native Lahontan cutthroat trout went extinct in Lake Tahoe in 1939, due in part to overfishing, competition with nonnative species, and the development of dams. In particular, Derby Dam below Reno and Sparks and the Tahoe Outlet Dam in Tahoe City isolated the Tahoe population of cutthroat trout from other populations within the historic range.

Beginning in the late 1800s, when the effects of human environmental changes had reduced the numbers of Lahontan cutthroat in the lake, humans began introducing nonnative fish species in hopes of increasing Tahoe’s yield of game fish. These introductions included lake trout from the Great Lakes, Chinook salmon, Atlantic salmon, golden trout, Arctic grayling, Great Lakes whitefish, brook trout, brown trout, and rainbow trout. Of these fish species, the lake trout, brown trout, brook trout, and rainbow trout were able to establish self-supporting populations in the Tahoe Basin.

In the 20th century, additional introductions of nonnative invertebrates and fish further altered the Tahoe Basin ecosystem. Using the best available science at the time, exotic species were introduced with the intention of adding a recreational component or supporting an existing fishery. Unfortunately, not all of the species behaved as expected in the clear, cold waters of the Tahoe Basin.

After 70 years of alteration, the aquatic ecosystem now supports nonnative lake trout (Mackinaw) as the top predator. They are accompanied by rainbow trout, brown trout and kokanee salmon, providing multiple recreational fishing opportunities for shallow and deep-line anglers. The native Lahontan cutthroat trout is now among the most endangered western salmonids. Fortunately, as noted above, the other six native Tahoe fish species have survived the planned exotic introductions and continue to thrive within the Tahoe Basin.

In recent years, new threats to Tahoe’s remaining native fish have arisen. A number of warm-water fish species have been illegally introduced to Lake Tahoe, including largemouth and smallmouth bass, crappie, and sunfish. While these fish are typically associated with warm-water environments, their populations are able to grow and spread within the Tahoe Basin. Taking advantage of seasonally warm water in bays and marinas, the fish feed on native minnows and successfully spawn.

Scientists from University of California Davis and University of Nevada Reno plan to study the potential expansion of these species, and with help from the USDA Forest Service Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit, implement a plan for their control. “The warm-water invasive species appear to pose a great risk to Tahoe’s remaining native species,” states Brant Allen a research biologist for UC Davis. “Their ability to consume large numbers of fish and the apparent overlap with native minnow spawning areas is a big concern.”

Warm-water fish invasions are not new to California. Nearby Lake Davis continues to experience problems resulting from the illegal introduction of northern pike, a voracious predator. Controlling the spread of similar species in the Tahoe Basin could go a long way to preserving native fish and assist the recovery of Tahoe’s once great Lahontan cutthroat trout.

The Lake Tahoe Report is a collaboration between John Cobourn, Water Resource Specialist with University of Nevada Cooperative Extension, and Heather Segale, Education and Outreach Coordinator for the University of California, Davis. For more information, contact Heather Segale, (530) 583-3279, or logon to www.lteec.org, www.tahoe.unr.edu, or terc.ucdavis.edu.

last modified: January 10 2006

Bald Eagle Viewing More Likely During the Winter
Lake Tahoe Report #153
January 23, 2006
By Heather Segale and John Cobourn

Sighting a bald eagle is a magnificent experience, especially after the bald eagle’s near extinction in the not-so-distant past. The bald eagle population fell to endangered levels of less than 500 pairs in the early 1960s due to hunting, habitat loss and contamination of waterways and food sources by various pollutants and pesticides, most notably DDT.

There was a similar drop in eagle populations at Lake Tahoe during the late 1980s, when the two nest sites in the basin were both inactive. There are usually only one or two pairs of bald eagles in the Tahoe Basin during the summer. However, during the winter, bald eagles migrate to Tahoe because it is more temperate than Alaska and Canada. According to wildlife biologist Stewart McMorrow, “as many as 20 eagles have been counted in the Tahoe Basin during the winter months.”

Bald eagles live near large bodies of open water, such as lakes, marshes, seacoasts and rivers, where there are plenty of fish to eat and tall trees for nesting and roosting. Bald eagles feed primarily on fish, but also eat small animals, such as ducks, coots, muskrats, turtles, rabbits, and snakes. Occasionally, they also eat dead animals. They are a kind of predator called raptors. They swoop down to seize fish in their powerful, long and sharp talons. They exert approximately 1,000 pounds of pressure per square inch in each foot. They can carry their food off in flight, but can only lift about half their weight. Bald eagles can fly at speeds of about 65 miles per hour in level flight, and up to 150 or 200 miles per hour in a dive.

Bald eagles are monogamous and mate for life. A Bald eagle will only select another mate if its faithful companion dies. They build large nests, called eyries, at the top of sturdy, tall trees. The nests become larger as the eagles return to breed and add new nesting materials year after year. Bald eagles make their new nests an average of 2 feet deep and 5 feet wide. Eventually, some nests become 10 feet wide and weigh several tons. When a nest is destroyed by natural causes, it is often rebuilt nearby. Bald eagles line their nests with twigs, soft mosses, grasses and feathers.

The female lays one to three eggs each spring, which hatch after about 35 days of incubation. Feathers of newly hatched bald eaglets are light grey, and turn dark brown before they leave the nest in about 12 weeks. When they are 3 or 4 years old, bald eagles have mottled brown and white feathers under their wings and on their heads, tails and breasts. The distinctive white head and tail feathers do not appear until they are about 4 to 5 years old. Their beaks and eyes also turn from dark brown to yellow during this time.

Bald eagles are about 29 to 42 inches long, can weigh 7 to 15 pounds, and have a wingspan of 6 to 8 feet. This makes them one of the largest birds in North America. Females are larger than males, but both have white heads and tail feathers and yellow beaks.

The bald eagle is our national symbol, so when it became threatened with extinction in the 1960s, people took notice. Strong endangered species and environmental protection laws, as well as active private, state and federal conservation efforts, have brought back the bald eagle population from the edge of extinction in the United States. The use of DDT pesticide is now outlawed in the United States, which has contributed greatly to the return of the bald eagle to America's skies. There are now over 5,000 nesting pairs and 20,000 total birds in the lower 48 states. There are over 35,000 bald eagles in Alaska.

There are several other common raptors living at least part of the year in the Lake Tahoe Basin. One of the most common is the osprey, which is somewhat similar in appearance to the bald eagle, having white markings on its head and throat and a dark brown back and tail. It also preys mostly on fish. Most nests that you see in the Tahoe Basin are osprey nests. Sometimes eagles will steal freshly caught fish from the slightly smaller ospreys.

Forest hawks, which do not fish for food, include the sharp-shinned hawk, the Cooper’s hawk, and the northern goshawk. Such raptors are called accipiters. Other raptors in the Basin include the merlin, the great horned owl, the western screech owl, the flammulated owl, the northern Pigmy owl, the northern Saw-whet owl, and the rare California spotted owl. Red tail hawks also frequent Tahoe, and peregrine falcons sometimes pass through the region.

For more information about the birds of the Tahoe Basin, visit http://www.fs.fed.us/r5/ltbmu/recreation/wildlife/birds.shtml.

The Lake Tahoe Report is a collaboration between John Cobourn, Water Resource Specialist with University of Nevada Cooperative Extension, and Heather Segale, Education and Outreach Coordinator for the University of California, Davis. For more information, contact Heather Segale, (530) 583-3279, or logon to www.lteec.org, www.tahoe.unr.edu, or terc.ucdavis.edu.

last modified: January 23 2006

Lake of the Sky - The Lake Tahoe Story
A Robust Multimedia Presentation by David C. Antonucci

Amazing Facts and True Stories About Lake Tahoe:

Lake of the Sky — The Lake Tahoe Story brings the mysteries and science of Lake Tahoe to everyone. Using state of the art multimedia techniques, the viewer experiences an exciting and informative journey of discovery. Accompanied by live narration from a qualified environmental scientist, the audience will explore the mystique of Lake Tahoe. Participants will have greater understanding, leading to a deeper appreciation and lasting memories of Lake Tahoe.

Centered around the most frequently asked questions and mysteries of Lake Tahoe, the 45-minute presentation covers the Lake’s most fascinating and timely aspects. Viewers will learn about the natural forces that created Lake Tahoe and take a virtual dive into the underwater world. They will experience the pioneer movement, follow historic trails and live through Tahoe’s Gilded Age. Using simple and easy to understand concepts, scientific concerns are explained together with the future plans to protect the Lake. Live narration complemented by ample graphics, video and animation scenes make the presentation lively and interesting. The presentation is fully customizable to provide more detail or additional subjects of interest to the audience. Examples are recreation, geology, water resources and biological resources.

• How was Lake Tahoe formed?
  
• How large and deep is Lake Tahoe?
  
• How much water is in Lake Tahoe?
  
• Where does the water go?
  
• Why is it so blue?
  
• How cold is the water?
  
• Does it ever freeze?
  
• Is Lake Tahoe's clarity threatened?
  
• What is the history of Tahoe?

Learn the answers to these and many more exciting facts about Lake Tahoe in Lake of the Sky — The Lake Tahoe Story.

Fees and Charges: Base fee is $295 for groups up to 150 persons in the Lake Tahoe area and includes audiovisual equipment and setup.
About the Presenter: David C. Antonucci is a 30-year resident of Lake Tahoe. He holds B.S. and M.S. degrees in environmental engineering. He has been directly involved with plans and activities to protect Lake Tahoe throughout his 32-year career and is considered an expert on Lake Tahoe environmental issues. He has served on many boards and organizations dedicated to visitor interpretation and preservation of Lake Tahoe.

Contact information:
David C. Antonucci
Phone: 530-525-5410
Fax: 530-525-7745
Email: dcantonucci@msn.com
P. O. Box 1050
7205 Antelope Way
Homewood, CA 96141-1050

last modified: January 24 2005

Where Does Your Drinking Water Come From?
By Michelle Sweeney,
Nevada Tahoe Conservation District

If you live in the Lake Tahoe Basin, the water that comes out of your tap has made a fascinating journey in order to arrive in your glass. Let’s take one possible scenario. If you live on the Nevada side of the lake, chances are you are among those who get water from Lake Tahoe itself. On the way to your faucet the water travels through underground pipes after undergoing an ozonation process at a local facility. Ozonation zaps the unwanted materials in the water, “purifying” it, helping to make it safe to drink. In order to get to the ozone facility, the water is drawn from deep in Lake Tahoe.

Where does Lake Tahoe water come from? It all comes from precipitation, in the form of rain or snow, that falls within the “bowl” of mountains surrounding the lake. Of course, rain and snow that gets to the lake first travels through our watersheds. This means that the water that comes out of your kitchen faucet may have traveled over your yard or down the streets you drive on each day. This is one reason why it is important to consider how we do things in the Basin. Controlling erosion on your property, applying a minimal amount of fertilizer in your yard, picking up after your pets and ensuring gasoline doesn’t overflow from your car’s gas tank are all actions we can take to keep our drinking water clean. So next time you turn on the faucet, think about it: Where does your water come from and are you doing all that you can to ensure that it’s the best it can be?

last modified: June 17 2003

The Fire Safe Council
The Fire Safe Council, a coalition of public and private sector organizations, was developed with the mission to preserve our natural and manmade resources by enlisting all community members to make their homes, neighborhoods and communities fire safe. The Council works to meet this goal by combining the expertise, resources and distribution channels of its members.

Many wildland ecosystems are fire dependent; they need fire to survive. Fire thins the vegetation, giving plants room to grow. It cracks seed casings and replenishes the soil, allowing new life to thrive. Learning to live with fire means protecting our community assets from potential wildfire damage.

A Fire Safe Council can:

• Mobilize people in the community who stand to lose something of value in a fire.
  
• Create a powerful group initiative.
  
• Save lives, property and money from the effects of wildfire.
  

Local councils have made their communities safer places to live by:

• Developing an emergency preparedness plan for the community before a wildfire occurs. This proactive measure minimizes loss of life, property, homes businesses, natural and historic areas, and other valuable assets at risk of being destroyed by wildfire.
  
• Providing an opportunity for community residents and organizations to voice concerns about public safety issues and protecting economic interests in the community.
  
• Increasing the chances that homes in the community will continue to be insured. Insurance companies assess the potential liability of a community’s ability to survive a wildfire before writing insurance policies. In some areas, Fire Safe Councils have involved insurers in increasing community safety, which has resulted in continued commitments by insurance companies to keep their business in town.
  

For more information contact:
www.firewise.org (FireWise)
www.cafirealliance.org (California Fire Alliance)
www.firesafecouncil.org (National Fire Safe Council)

last modified: June 20 2003

Volunteers Needed: Get Involved With LTEEC
Improving environmental education in the Tahoe Basin will require the work of many diligent volunteers and a coordinated effort among agencies working together on programs and projects.

There are many ways to get involved. A few examples include: environmental education events, K-12 programs, stream monitoring, restoration projects, backyard conservation, storm drain stenciling, forest stewardship days, and beach clean-up days.

Currently, "Neighborhood Leaders" are needed to help share information with local residents about Best Management Practices and erosion control. Training will provide valuable information about landscaping in the Tahoe Basin, erosion prevention, managing runoff, fertilizer use, recycling, composting and defensible space. Other jobs open to volunteers include organizing block parties, making phone calls, distributing door hangers, entering computer data, or actual physical labor.

Call Heather Segale at the University of Nevada Cooperative Extension office, (775) 832-4138, if you are interested in volunteer programs or if you would like to tie your organization into these regional environmental education efforts.

last modified: June 25 2002